Ethics in Today’s Organizations Case Study

Past Petroleum (BP) is a British oil organization that was established longer than a century prior by a wealthy agent, William D’Arcy. D’Arcy put the entirety of his cash into looking for oil in the Middle East; a choice that almost bankrupted him, since it took six years before any oil could be tapped. Note that finding the oil was by all account not the only issue BP, or Anglo-Persian Oil Company around then, confronted; moving the oils was simply of a troublesome errand to move. They chose to manufacture a pipeline over the locale †an endeavor that kept going over two years. (Ferrell et al., 2011, p. 432)By the mid 1900s BP was again coming up short on cash, until Winston Churchill persuaded parliament to permit BP to gracefully the navy’s fuel. It was a British organization, all things considered, so it would bolster Britain’s interests. England at that point got one of the company’s greatest investors. This is noteworthy in light of the fa ct that this example helped flash the discussion over legislative issues and governments’ interests in oil organizations â€a theme that is still discussed today. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 432) After the mid-twentieth century oil was sought after because of cars being mass produced.However in the mid 1970s, political unrest in the Middle East caused oil creation there to tumble from 140 million to 500 barrels (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 432). With the interest for oil still high and the flexibly low, BP had to discover other undiscovered oil supplies. BP discovered some oil fields in spots, for example, Alaska and off the shore of Scotland. These separated areas for penetrating again constrained lifted innovativeness of BP specialists, and they started to enhance better approaches to tap and transport the oil. One of these thoughts was the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, â€Å"the biggest structural designing undertaking in North America, estimating 746 miles long† (Ferrel l et al. , 2011, p. 433).BP put forth fair attempts to guarantee the earth around boring ventures would be safeguarded. Be that as it may, at times these endeavors were obstructed, which has gotten one of the focal moral issues for BP, in addition to other things, including charges of death and misrepresentation. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 433-434). BP has as of late looked to upgrade their supportability. With an end goal to fix its picture and take advantage of a lucky break to put resources into future capital, BP has put resources into creating other vitality sources, for example, wind, sun powered, and biofuels.BP has likewise has subscribed to diminishing ozone depleting substance outflows and decreasing their commitment to an Earth-wide temperature boost, by making the previously mentioned energies as divider as putting resources into rehearses like carbon sequestration and capacity (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 435-436). Examination What is the absolute most significant moral i ssue introduced for the situation, how has the issue influenced explicit partners? I think the absolute most significant issue introduced for the situation is an absence of ecological responsibility.BP inadequately keep up their oil penetrating and moving hardware, and these â€Å"non-actions† add to the various oil slicks throughout the years which pulverize the earth †slaughtering plants and creatures, just as the blasts which are liable for guaranteeing a few human lives. These issues accumulate the most media inclusion, just as examining by tree huggers and other specific vested parties. These optional partners impact the courts and governments to punish organizations like BP for this sort of untrustworthy behavior.The negative reports debilitate investors and workers. Lamentably, I think the most clients, care more about the cost of gas than which organization they are buying it from. What has the organization done to address their moral issues, what would they be a ble to do any other way to keep away from future moral issues? BP has attempted to address natural issues by a) just recognizing that environmental change is occurring and it is a man-frantic issue, and b) contributing around $1. 4 billion in making supplies of sustainable power source (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 434).In 2005 BP additionally distributed an implicit rules, in it featuring the company’s legitimate and moral commitments. This record was named â€Å"Our Commitment to Integrity†. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 438) I feel that the organization could have better examinations and support on their apparatuses and pipelines, and pitch their discoveries, regardless of whether that office is in immaculate working request or should be shut down for fixes. Giving the partners more straightforwardness powers moral conduct and a genuine responsibility to honesty. In light of the company’s morals would you: Work for the company?I would not work for BP, particularly on the off chance that they don't truly address the support of their offices. I feel that despite the fact that BP is in any event heading the correct way by putting resources into sustainable power source, its primary item and greatest worker is still oil †the most widely recognized wellspring of the company’s moral issues. Purchase their items? I have done whatever it takes not to buy BP fuel since the oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico occurred. Be that as it may, since gas costs have taken off as of late, if gas is more affordable at a BP administration station, I will get it there.Personal frugality doesn't repudiate myâ ethics, I simply don't think gets sense to give significantly more cash-flow to the oil business all in all than what is as of now fundamental. Put resources into their stock? I would not put resources into their stock right now in light of the fact that BP’s principle item is fuel; and despite the fact that I need to utilize it, it is impeding to the earth. Obviously, it is doing admirably in the financial exchanges at this moment, however it is insecure and affected by different elements occurring on the planet, and I would prefer to put resources into something is both manageable and monetarily steady. Likewise, I do see BP as a reliable organization, and I need to help their underhandedness.Invite them to be a piece of the network in which you live? I would welcome BP to be a piece of my locale since employments are constantly required here. Also, their capacity in my locale would not need to incorporate an oil apparatus or pipeline, it could be a sun oriented board plant, or a turbine processing plant. Those things would impactsly affect a few networks other than my own. Updates Since this case was concentrated in the content a ton has happened to BP, one significant occasion that ought to be referenced is the Deepwater Horizon oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico.This blast killed 11 individuals and spouted oil into the sea for a quarter of a year. It was the biggest oil slick ever. While BP claims the blast was brought about by numerous components, including accusing Transocean and Halliburton, suppliers of a portion of the rig’s gear (BP, 2010), BP still gauges its general expense for the spill to be generally $40 billion, half of which is swore to real survivors of the spill (Skoloff and Wardell, 2010). As of February, 2011 just $3. 54 billion had been spent on tidy up and pay to victims.This goes amiss altogether from BP’s unique planned distributions of that finance, but then the organization consents to even now payout profit to investors (usatoday. com, 2011). I am not saying whether it is or isn't moral to deliver investor profits during an emergency, for example, this, what I do discover untrustworthy is the absence of uprightness. Has BP eased back remunerations installment, yet they had recently declared that they would not deliver profits after the spill, and afterward nul lified. Idea I feel that the focal idea from this Case-Study is the possibility of integrity.Over the range of over 100 years, the organization has thought of new smart approach to reach and transport beforehand unreachable oil, yet they despite everything utilize a variant of oils spill tidy up innovation around 1960. BP creates wind and sun powered vitality advancements, yet I see more BP administration stations springing up more every now and again than their breeze turbines. Likewise, BP declared they were going to end profit checks to investors after the oils spill in the inlet. In any case, after the issue has been out of the spotlight for some time they moderate the remuneration advantages to the bay, and keep on paying their investors anyway.BP’s own set of principles is named â€Å"Our Commitment to Integrity†, and they’ve appeared again and again how they simply are not dependable. Application One thing that I can and do have any significant bearing to my life by and by is the possibility of uprightness, being dependable, and making the best choice in any event, when nobody is looking. Honesty is significant character feature to have expertly also. My major is Human Resources Development â€a field that I would like to work in one day. In a HR position I need to support my association, by building up the representatives, supporting reasonableness and correspondence, and assisting with imparting and positive and moral culture.

Care of the older adult notes Essay

Numerous more established patients are endorsed various medications, assume control over-the-counter meds, and are regularly recommended extra medications to treat the reactions of the drugs that they are as of now taking. The expansion in the quantity of meds regularly prompts polypharmacy, which is characterized as the solution, organization, or utilization of a bigger number of drugs than are clinically demonstrated in a given patient. One broadly utilized ADL device is the Barthel Index : measure utilitarian degrees of self-care and portability, and it rates the capacity to take care of and groom oneself, wash, go to the can, walk (or move a wheelchair), ascend steps, and control gut and bladder. The first ADL instrument was created by Katz A few intercessions that may help the prescriber to forestall polypharmacy incorporate knowing all prescriptions, by both brand and conventional name, being utilized by the patient; distinguishing signs for every medicine; realizing the symptom profiles of the meds; disposing of medications with no advantage or sign; and maintaining a strategic distance from the inclination to treat a medication response with another medication. Understanding instruction on the dangers of polypharmacy may support the patient too. The Mini-Cog: The screening comprises of a three-thing review and a clock-drawing test. This dependable device can help attendants with early identification of subjective issues. Small scale Mental State Examination (MMSE): measure change in psychological debilitation. It estimates direction, enrollment, consideration and computation, transient review, language, and visuospatial work. *Dementia is a changeless dynamic decrease in psychological capacity Of the five sensesâ₠¬hearing, vision, smell, taste, and touchâ€it is the event of lessened vision and hearing that appears to have the best effect on more established grown-ups. Issues with vision or hearing can effectsly affect social association and consequently on social and mental wellbeing. Presbyopia alludes to an age-related change in vision. Presbycusis alludes to age-related dynamic hearing misfortune. Age-related macular degeneration, the weakening of focal vision, Assessing Older Adultsâ cognitive-testing instruments, for example, the Miniâ€Mental State Exam or the Orientationâ€Memoryâ€Concentration Test (OMCT).3 Both devices survey orientationâ to time and spot, transient memory, and focus. The CAM is a normalized instrument produced for clinicians to identifydelirium, an intense change in mental status from benchmark, rapidly and precisely. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA © Version 7.1) was created as a speedy screening instrument for MCI and early Alzheimer’s dementia. It evaluates the areas of consideration and fixation, official capacities, memory, language, visuoconstructional aptitudes, theoretical reasoning, estimations, and direction End-of-Life Care The interdisciplinary gathering or group (IDG/IDT): Enlisted nurseâ€coordinates the arrangement of care for every patient Health Promotion Solid individuals 2010-precaution measures for a very long time 50-64 Human services Policy and Reform Medicare is Title XVIII of the Social Security Act; it was passed in 1965, following quite a while of attempting to give a widespread medical coverage. It is a protection program for those 65 or over who have paid into the Social Security framework, the railroad support, or are determined to have end stage renal malady. Movement: Healthcare Policy and Reform All in all, you ought to apply for Medicaid if your salary is low and you coordinate one of the portrayals underneath. Medicare is a Federal medical coverage program for individuals 65 years or more established, certain individuals with incapacities, and individuals with end-stage renal sickness (ESRD). Medicare Medicare is a protection program. Hospital expenses are paid from trust subsidizes which those secured have paid into. It serves individuals more than 65 essentially, whatever their salary; and serves more youthful handicapped individuals and dialysis patients. Patients pay some portion of expenses through deductibles for emergency clinic and different expenses. Little month to month premiums are required for non-emergency clinic inclusion. Medicare is a government program. It is essentially the equivalent wherever in the United States and is controlled by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, an office of the government. Medicaid Medicaid is a help program. Doctor's visit expenses are paid from government, state and nearby assessment reserves. It serves low-pay individuals of each age. Patients for the most part pay no piece of expenses for secured clinical costs. A little co-installment is some of the time required. Medicaid is a government state program. It changes from state to state. It is controlled by state and neighborhood governments inside bureaucratic rules. To fit the bill for Medicaid, an individual must fit into a class of qualification and meet certain money related and asset principles. Medicaid gives three kinds of wellbeing assurance: 1) medical coverage for low-salary families and individuals with handicaps, 2) long haul care (LTC) for more established Americans and people with inabilities, and 3) supplemental inclusion for low-pay Medicare recipients for administrations not secured by Medicare Living Environment Yearly inoculation against flu is suggested for all grown-ups 65 years old or more established on the grounds that over 90% of the passings from flu happen in this populace. Occasional promoters of lockjaw antibody, generally allowed at regular intervals in the United States, are suggested for more established grown-ups by the USPSTF. The Beers List of prescriptions to be stayed away from in the old has become a national rule for prescribers and drug specialists in the United States (Fick etal., 2003). These prescriptions incorporate long-acting benzodiazepines, calming or trancelike specialists, longacting oral hypoglycemics, analgesics, antiemetics, and gastrointestinal antispasmodics. Keeping up Functional Independence â€Å"Elderly patients with unexpected weight reduction are at higher hazard for disease, misery and death† U.S. General Health Service distributed the report Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation. This 1980 report delineated 226 destinations for the country to accomplish over the accompanying 10 years. Sound People 2000, was started by the U.S. General Health Service in another push to lessen preventable demise and inability for Americans. Sound People 2010 activity; in any case, the quantity of targets has expanded to 467, and these are dispersed more than 28 need regions. Feebleness is seen as a general decrease in the physical capacity of more seasoned grown-ups that can expand weakness to sickness and decay. Characterizing attributes incorporate unexpected weight reduction of more than 10%â in the earlier year, sentiments of depletion, hold quality in the most fragile 20% for age, strolling speed in the least 20% for age, and low caloric use.

How to Add recent post from Blogger RSS feed Gadget

How to Add recent post from Blogger RSS feed Gadget Though many blog user used different custom recent post widget but most of them are very lazy to load. Specially for those who use heavy widget that affect template loading time. However Google blogger has an amazing option where you can display recent post of your blog by using blogger RSS or Atom feed. Showing recent post from feed is very easy and it load faster than any other custom recent post widget. So in this tutorial I will show you how to display recent post widget in your blogger sidebar. Just follow the below steps- Step 1Sign in to your blogger account and go toBlogger Dashboard. Step 2On Blogger Dashboard Click-Layout - Add a Gadget Step 3Scroll down through popup window andSelect -Feed Gadget. Step 4Now copy the below code and paste it on Feed URL field and Click on Continue button. http://yoursitename.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default For example: http://bloggerspice.com/feeds/posts/default Though I am using custom domain so I have omit .blogspot but if you are using blogger without custom domain then you have to use it. Also don't give any space or gap between any letter. Because if you use any space or gap then feed will not work. Customize Replace yoursitename.blogspot.com with your blog URL. Step 5Now change the Title with Recent Post and under Show option select how many post you want to display. And see the preview below. Step 6If you want to display Post publishing day and author name then put tick on check box. In addition, you can select option that the link will be open in new window by putting tick on check box. Step 7Finally hit the Save button. And now check the Recent post widget in your blog. Remember that Blogger will able to display maximum 5 Post from feed so you have to display within 5 post. You can move your Recent post widget from feed to Sidebar or Footer section of your blogger template. But the Ideal place is Sidebar or in Sidebar tab section. If you have any query regard this then feel free to leave a comment below.

Global Warming Human Exploit Or Natural Phenomenon

Global Warming; Human Exploit or Natural Phenomenon Global warming stems back to the beginning of time. In more recent years, however, the discussion about this phenomenon has been that it’s happening too rapidly and opposing sides argue that this may be a natural occurrence involving the sun or the result of human activity in which may be to blame. An adversary from St. Petersburg s Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory in Russia, the head of space research, Habibullo Abdussamatov stated that â€Å"Man-made greenhouse warming has made a small contribution to the warming on Earth in recent years, but it cannot compete with the increase in solar irradiance† (Than, 2007). Research over the years, however, have shown that global warming is mainly or at least partly due to human activity which causes harmful greenhouse gases to be trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. The act of dumping waste in landfills and deforestation is merely two contributing factors amongst some other human actions that contribute to global warming. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) temperatures in the last hundred years have risen 1.4 degrees. Human waste which produces greenhouse gases (GHGs) is a key factor in global warming. Globally, the act of the dumping of waste in landfills will cause organic waste to produce greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as well as water vapors to rise into the atmosphere, due to putrefaction thus causing the changes inShow MoreRelatedWe Can Not Succeed When Half Of Us Are Held Back879 Words   |  4 Pagesborders. In either case, the globalization has evolved thought the last 50 years and it has positives and negatives effects reflected on economy, environment and human rights. A Globalized Economy opens frontiers and generates free competition, sometimes uneven, between markets. 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Fences Fences - 1783 Words

Tien Walker Myrton Running Wolf THTR 210 13 Oct 2014 FENCES Fences is a play, set in U.S. society in the late 1950s, which deals with serious and common issues of humankind. It is the sixth in Wilson s ten-part Pittsburgh Cycle. Like all of the Pittsburgh plays, the play was written in 1983. The beginning scene is about Troy, who is a strong character, in full control of his life, his wife, and his son Cory. The last scene is on the day of the funeral of Troy Maxson. Fences presents characters who are real flawed humans, who struggle to for control and power in their life. Their effort of the play imparts understanding of this struggle to the audience. Fences is the symbol of personal culture, as well as a sympathetic, but unforgettable central character. The United State of America had gone through a severe recession throughout 1957, the inflation increased by 31%. 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1984 Book Essay - 1794 Words

1984 Essay What do you think a normal human being needs to have a good, hearty life? What are the most basic needs that are vital to one’s survival? According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, physiological needs are those required to sustain life, such as air, water, nourishment, and sleep. If such needs are not satisfied, then one’s motivation will arise from the quest to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not felt until one has met the needs basic to one’s bodily functioning. Beyond the details of air, water, food, and sex, Maslow laid out five broader layers: the physiological needs, the needs for safety and security, the needs for love and belonging, the needs for esteem, and the need to actualize the†¦show more content†¦Physiological needs are the needs that take the highest priority and they include the need for food, water, air, exercise, etc. Winston gets sufficient amount of food to fill him up. However, the food is not very satisfying. When Winston was at the grille eating with Syme, â€Å"Winston had taken up his spoon and was dabbling in the pale-colored gravy that dribbled across the table†¦He meditated resentfully on the physical texture of life. Had it always been like this? Had food always tasted like this? He looked around the canteen. A low-ceilinged crowded room†¦bent spoons, dented trays, coarse white mugs; all surfaces greasy grime in every crack; and a sourish, composite smell of bad gin and bad coffee and metallic stew†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 52). This shows that Winston is not in a state of hunger, implying that he has enough food to keep him alive. But even though Winston has enough food to sustain his existence, the food he gets to eat is very unpleasant and distasteful. Furthermore, Winston’s physiological needs are not quite met through the morning workouts, known as the â€Å"physical jerks.† The telescreen wakes Winston up in the very early mornings to in form him to get up to do the Physical jerks. â€Å"The Physical Jerks would begin in three minutes. The next moment he was doubled up by a violent coughing fit which nearly always attacked him soon after waking up so early. It emptied his lungs so completely that he could only begin breathing again by lying onShow MoreRelated Biography George Orwell Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesOrwell wrote many novels and essays in his lifetime. Some of his novels are Down and Out in Paris and London, Coming up for air, A clergyman?s Daughter, Keep the Aspidistra Flying, and others (George Orwell 1). Orwell?s two best known works are Animal farm and Nineteen Eighty- Four. Orwell also wrote many essays. Orwell?s essays began to appear in The Adelphi. 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Comparing Classical and Romantic Music Essay Example For Students

Comparing Classical and Romantic Music Essay Comparing Classical and Romantic Music through the finale of Mozart Clarinet Quintet and Mailers Symphony no. L in D major Titan By steps_eve The Music of the classical and Romantic era is a period of time where it shows the development and different styles of music. This can be shown through the manipulation of musical elements, (dynamics, pitch, tempo, rhythm, texture, meter, tonality, structure, melody, harmony, instrument) while contrasting them, but it can also be shown through the composers of the music, the size of the orchestra, musical directions, emotional content, and non-musical developments through that period of time. After the Renaissance and the Baroque era, the Classical era soon followed at around the 1720-sasss. During these times in Europe, there were many non musical developments, ideas of the enlightenment, political issues, scientific discoveries and the reexamination of established ideas, including the existence of God. Many of these ideas and has got huge impact on the heavy Monumental baroque style and later developed with a more intimate rococo style, with its light colors, curved lines, and graceful ornaments, which greatly resembles the classical period. Shortly after the Classical period, the Romantic era appeared during the 1820-sasss. At these times, non-musical developments such as cultural movements strongly expressed emotion, imagination, and individuality. People such as Romantic painters and writer often emphasized the freedom of expression; they often saw political revolution as a reflection of their own struggles for artistic freedom. This had made a huge impact on Romantic music, because the emotional subjectivity turned into a basic quality of Romanticism. Comparing the musical elements of Classical era and Romantic era, we would notice the many differences, and hence we can identify and recognize the music of both eroded. The first musical element that I will discuss is rhythm. As we can see, the rhythm of the Classical era tends to be less complex and quite repetitive. Classical style usually includes unexpected pauses, syncopation, and frequent changes from long notes to shorter notes, and the change from one pattern of note lengths to another may be either sudden or gradual. As we can see in the Finale of Mozart Clarinet Quintet, we can see that during each of those variations, the rhythms are not very complex and quite repetitive, for example, the first 3 8 bars of the introduction n Mozart Clarinet Quintet show a somewhat consistent rhythm consisted 4 of crotchets each bar, the 2nd variation show a consistent rhythm of 4 sets of triplets between the 2nd violin and viola, the 3rd variation shows a consistent rhythm of 4 sets of semi-quavers in each bar, with the clarinet normally. Through what I have changed to shorter and shorter, in this case, from 4 crotchets to 4 triplets to 4 semi- quavers. Also, in variations like Mozart clarinet quintet, triplets and syncopation can be found frequently. In contrast, romantic music tends to not emphasize that much on simple and consistent rhythms. There are often changes in the number of beats in a measure, cross-rhythms, syncopation, etc. For example in Mailers Symphony no. L in D major Titan, consistent notes goes against syncopation, there are accompaniments with skips and staccatos etc. (p. 16)Both Classical and Romantic eras have written musical directions, unlike Renaissance and Baroque which does not have any. Moreover, I have noticed that the musical directions of both pieces have extreme differences. As we see in Mailers symphony no. L in D major titan 3rd movement, there are many written musical directions: dynamic, emotional, tempo directions. For example, in the first 20 bars, there are already 7 written musi cal directions, whereas in Mozart clarinet quintet, there are extremely small amounts of written musical directions, only 2 written musical directions in the first 20 bars. This significantly shows that there are differences in the use of written musical directions in the Classical and Romantic era. Classical and Romantic music has differences in melodies and structures too. In classical music, the structures emphasize more the grace of proportion and balance, moderation and control; polished and elegance in character with expressiveness and armor structure held in perfect balance. Furthermore, the forms do not vary as much as the Romantic era, they had forms like sonatas, symphonies etc. The melodic phrases are usually balanced and symmetrical made up of two phrases of the same length. For an example, in Mozart Clarinet Quintet, the music is very symmetrical and well balanced, in a variation form. However, in Romantic music, they rather emphasize on the emotional content than trying to sound balanced and symmetrical, and expanded their use of forms and created new forms, like impromptu, ballade, etude, nocturnes etc,. Moreover, the melodies normally have either really long or short phrases, increased in range, but also increased in chromatics. Arlo Guthrie EssayAs we can see in Mailers symphony no. L Titan, the texture is pretty thick in general, due to the size of the orchestra which creates density, and during the bars of 134-137, the whole orchestra is used, which creates the intense and climax moment. In general, although both Classical and Romantic music are mainly homophobic, the thickness of the texture is contrasted significantly. Chromatics was also used differently in the Classical and Romantic era. In the classical era, melodic chromatics was used frequently (especially by Mozart) to balance the harmonic plainness. In its simplest form of chromatic scales, it occurs a lot in unaccented passing notes. Melodic chromatics does not usually affect the harmony; it is mainly used for color-modification of diatonic notes, to add tone color by composers. However, Romantic music generally uses chromatics to form the musics harmonies and create chords. This helps the composer to expand the emotional contents and express a few different emotions of the musical piece. In general, chromatics was used very differently in the Classical and Romantic era. Cadenza chords of Classical and Romantic music is similar, but you can say that addenda chords of Romantic music are built on top of the cadenza chords structures of Classical music. In Classical music, they generally have a cadenza chord structure of I V- l. In Mozart clarinet quintet, the cadenza chords can easily be recognized as chords I V- l, as we can see in the first 16 bars. In Mailers symphony no. L in D major titan however, the cadenza consist of only chord I from bar 158 to the end, 1 1 bars all written in chord l. This type of chord structure is seldom found in Classical music, because Classical music usually ends a piece of music in an authentic dance, appeal cadence, or deceptive cadence. In Romantic music, these cadences are still used, but composers like to end their music in their own unique way, Just like Mailers symphony no. 1 in D major. Another difference that I have noticed between Classical and Romantic music is the size of their orchestra. In a Classical orchestra, there are normally only 20-60 players, which involve strings: 1st 2nd violins, violas, cellos, double basses. Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons. Brass: 2 French horns, 2 trumpets. Percussion: 2 timpani. However, towards this end of the Romantic era, the orchestra might have included around 100 musicians. The constant expansion of the orchestra reflected composes changing needs as well as the growing size of concert halls and opera houses, due to technological advances. The brass, woodwind and percussion sections of the orchestra took on a more active role, calling for trombones, tubas, and more horns and trumpets. The woodwind took on new tone colors such as contrabass, bass clarinet, English horn and piccolo. Orchestral sounds became more brilliant and sensuously appealing through increase uses of cymbals the triangle and the harp. Imposers express their emotion and creating emotional intensity. Composers from the Classical Period tend to focus more on the structure of music, creating music that is structural and compact in form, and captures our attention by the beauty and structure of the music, which usually Just expresses one emotion. However, composers from the Romantic Period focused more on depicting their emotions in their music, emphasizing on expression rather then structure, expressing several different emotions. When we compare Mozart Clarinet Quintet to Mailers Symphony No. In D major Titan, Mozart Clarinet Quintet tends to be more focused on perfecting the harmony between the different melodies and also the structure and forms, while Mailers Titan emphasized much more on the emotional content. In short, Classical music tends emphasize on the beauty of balanced structures, expressing one emotion, while Romantic music tends to express more emotional contents, expressing several different emotions. In general, the music of Classical and Romantic era are very different in many ways, in all aspects of the elements, dynamics, pitch, tempo, rhythm, texture, meter, analogy, structure, melody, harmony, instrument, and especially how they express their emotional contents.

Baseball Is Americas Past Time free essay sample

Baseball is Americas pastime Over the years baseball has been given the name Americas pastime, this statement is true it is deemed one of the best sports in the United States and it has never changed. During the baseball season, there is usually a game on during any day of the week from as early as noon to as late as 10:30. It has evolved so much over the years that it has been created; it has gone through triumphs and controversies. However, even as the darkest cloud rolls over, Major League Baseball continues to prosper. Baseball is one of the few sports that could be defined by eras, it has the best development league of any sport, and how this is the only sport that could give you a hometown feel. Ever since the first World Series baseball has gone through several eras, one of the earliest eras was known as the Debatable era, during the early 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Baseball Is Americas Past Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This started to form when the American League was created and several teams were not able to afford several baseballs for a game. Also, several different variations of pitches were created and this would destroy the baseball. This era would end around 1920 with the rise of Babe Ruth. The next era would be known as the Expansion era; this era would not start until the late asses and would last until the late asses. This era would result in the expansion of Major League Baseball sporting a team in every part of the country, including Canada. The next era is an era that is personally a favorite of mine but it has several controversies to it. The power era, which started in the late asses, was an era when some players were averaging forty to fifty numerous a year, however in the asses the discovery of P. E. D (Performance Enhancing Drugs) would make this great era a dark cloud on baseball. Even through all of this, fans continue to flock to the stadiums, which make this sport Americas pastime. Several sports leagues have developmental leagues, however none of these compare to the Mils development league. One of the great things about the system is that they have three forms of the league, AAA, AAA, A, leagues. What is so great about this system is that you could watch your hometown hero become a baseball tar right before your eyes. Another great thing is that if you live a few hours away from a Major League team, odds are you have a development team playing near you. Also, some people believe that watching these smaller teams gives them a more comfortable small town feeling compared to the big city teams. Baseball is one of the few sports that could give you a hometown feeling. From the singing of take me out to the ball game, to the seventh inning stretch. Baseball can make the usual 27,000 in the stands feel like they are at home. Everyone is usually talking to each other throughout the game, you can be talking to someone you do not know for the whole game. Baseball gives you that feeling that will either make you filled with excitement or filled with grief. Baseball also has a great development system, which leads to leads to more of this hometown feeling. Baseball has several great things to it, it has grown so much threw out its creation and it continues to have a bright future a head of it. I have a great passion for this port because each team NAS 27 outs in order to win the game. The one thing I would like to have in the sport though is a tighter salary cap; however, I love the story of the underdog so I believe that the system is Just right the way it is. This is a sport that no matter what day of the week you could always find a game to watch and enjoy it. This sport is the best sport that is currently being played in the world. From the cheers in the dog days of summer to the championship parades in October, baseball covers some of the best parts of the year.

Amira Sbaa Mand Essays

Amira Sbaa Mand Essays Amira Sbaa Mand Essay Amira Sbaa Mand Essay Once you have read the text, answer the following questions: a)latently and analyses the main problems that you can find in this company The main problems that the company had was a loose organizational structure when the company internationalization. There was a situation where branches of Phillips were working independently as fully functional national units, with their own manufacturing, marketing and distribution system. Another problem was lots of bureaucracy and high inefficiency. The company had a huge workforce but the products were not innovative and the manufacturing costs were high . Philips products were considered by customers as behind the times. This problem came along with the panorama in which Japan new companies were emerging with flashy, competitively priced, and well-made products that would compete with Philips in the market. And the last problem that found, was that Philips, even though it used to make important breakthroughs, was not able to take commercial advantage of them, being hose innovative products copied by competitors in a really short period of time.

Race and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race and Religion - Essay Example He then illustrates the attitude the religious community had towards the black population as they were not accepted as Christians. Rather, the community placed the black people in an environment associated with inferiority and slavery. Furthermore, black people are wrongly associated with the mark of Cain, which was falsely used to misrepresent these individuals as cursed. Father Brown states that traditionally in Exodus, the Jews would cry and tell their trials and tribulations to God who would come down to help them. Brown states that the white American religious denomination also attempted to adopt the same culture. However, West Africans had other approaches when it came to interaction with God. Hence, in this perspective, Brown illustrates the differences that existed in the religious activities of different races. He also illustrates how black West African individuals had to adapt to the western principles of religion. Father Brown also states the discrimination that existed towards black people even in some rituals in the church. These individuals were prohibited from singing certain songs, which further shows how European Christianity made blacks inferior individuals. The attitude that existed towards the black Catholics at that time made these individuals attend other churches that gave them the possibility to express themselves and feel the Holy Spirit. Brown relates to the fact that individuals from other races such as the Germans during the fall of the Berlin wall also sang souls which helped them relate with the spirits. This shows the necessity of this element which was denied to the black populations in the earlier times. Brown also relates the oppression that the African Americans endured to the walls of Jericho. He states that the reason individuals during these times related to the song about Jericho was because it resembled the situation they were experiencing. The African Americans were

Criminal Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Criminal Investigation - Essay Example forensic pathologists will be able to determine the subtle differences among near-contact gunshot wounds, contact gunshot wounds, distant gunshot wounds, medium range gunshot wounds. The determination of the nature of Sam’s wounds will be possible since the process involves the use of experience and technology to ascertain various significant details on Sam’s death. According to Siegel (2009), some of these details that are relevant to Sam’s three wounds will be range, direction, sequence of firing pattern and the path that will have been travelled between exit and entry wounds. In the same respect, the likelihood of Sam surviving the gunshot wounds can also be determined to help find out whether there are other forms of lethal harm that may have been inflicted upon the victim. Again, by studying Sam’s wounds, it is possible to determine the type or model of firearm that was used. Should the analysis yield different results, then it will be obvious that di fferent guns may have been used (Siegel, 2009). From the wounds that Sam incurred, it is possible to classify them as defensive wounds, or wounds that may have been inflicted by sentient beings. The presence of defensive wounds may not only indicate wrongful death, but also the murderer’s proximity to Sam. The crux of the matter herein is that Sam’s wound will be helpful in helping the police with extensive crucial

A Significance Of Rehabilitation Criminology Essay

A Significance Of Rehabilitation Criminology Essay This report attempts to explore the development of Rehabilitation System in United Kingdom since its first appearance into Parliamentary Acts until nowadays. It will be presented the history of rehabilitation based on Prison reforms and its significance and relation to society. The report aims to address objectively great changes that were made according to Parliamentary Acts, Reviews and Reports of Ministry of Justice along with writings of professionals who aimed to review its concept and analyse the usefulness and impact of the Offenders Rehabilitation Programmes. Furthermore, it will be provided the cogent of offering treatment to offenders in order to reduce recidivism, which will be followed by an evaluation and recommendations upon Rehabilitation System. In the past, for many years it was believed that the proper punish for an offender had strictly to do with the violent attitude against him and torturing of his body, deportation or even death penalty. Nowadays, and after several prison reforms Justice comes across the term of Rehabilitation. To begin with, Michel Foucault stated in 1975 that Rehabilitation procedure has more to do with discipline of the soul than the torturing of the body. (Foucault and Sheridan, 1979) The word rehabilitation is defined as re-enabling and it has Latin roots as it comes from the term rehabilitare. The assumption of all these is that Justice System is not only obliged to keep the community safer by holding the offenders in prison but also preparing them, for several reasons, to re-join society, by practicing their mind, developing their skills and expanding their knowledge. 1.2 Significance of Rehabilitation It is necessary to be mentioned the importance of Rehabilitation from either points of view, that of Justice and society and that of the prisoners. Later on, it will also be discussed the significant thesis of rehabilitation to the reduction of re-offending. Rehabilitations vital role is as it was mentioned above discipline of the mind. Through discipline, the offender will be able to be useful to society without being tempted to commit another crime. In addition to that, there are also going to be mentioned the programmes and techniques provided to the offenders, depending on the type of their offence and their needs. These needs can be categorized, as it has not always have to do with criminogenic factors as mental illness or any kind of addiction, but also survival into society matters as where to live or work or permanent health issues. Following the previous statement, this dissertation is going to include an exploration upon behavioural programmes, depending on the individualit y of every offender. 1.3 Aims of Dissertation Through a study upon Rehabilitations background from its roots since today, this dissertation aims to provide a wide briefing about rehabilitation system in United Kingdom. The sensitive correlation between society and prisoners can cause several problems to their in-between balance, and this is another issue that will be stated, by analysing the rehabilitation systems impacts to both of them. A review upon behavioural programmes will be mentioned later on along with their significance to the offenders. They are also going to be examined the advantages and disadvantages of the current system and its development throughout years. In addition to that this dissertation aims to explore the type of the rehabilitation programme which has to be followed by any offender depending on the type of his offense, the time of his penalty, any drug or alcohol addiction who may has, his age and gender, if he or she belongs to a minority group and last but not least if he or she suffers from any menta l disorder. 1.4 Overview of Content As it was mentioned above, this dissertation tends to give a brief review of Rehabilitation System for prisoners in United Kingdom since its first appearance. A flashback to rehabilitations first concept and its idea of discipline will be made in order to be evaluated its importance to the Justice System. They are also going to be discussed historical figures that published their first thoughts upon Justice System, as it had to do with punishing and imprisonment. Their appearance was significant to social reforming and inclusion of Parliamentary Acts into Justice, in order to change the detention conditions of that time, along with the relation of rehabilitation to reducing crime. In addition to that it is going to be discussed the context of Rehabilitation in general and its aims, as it plays major role as well to the whole Justice System and several aspects of society. From the content of this dissertation they cannot be excluded the Parliamentary Acts that involved rehabilitation and their relation to the present one. As it was stated above this dissertation will include a review of the services provided depending on the needs of the prisoners, along with the types and categories of the current rehabilitation programmes, their affects and their prospects of development. A major part of the information given is provided through literature review upon reports, statistics and Acts of the Ministry of Justice, Home Office, House of Commons and the Government. Chapter 2 History of Rehabilitation 2. History of Rehabilitation This chapter is going to explore Rehabilitations System Background and History since the first appearance. It will be also examined the first Parliamentary Act which includes rehabilitation and the purposes of its concept. Finally it will be discussed the Nothing Works debate. 2.1 Background The state before the current concept of Rehabilitation, which has to do more with discipline of the mind, had different ways to deal with the offenders. Depending on the type of crime the prisoners were coming across tough punishment through which they could be tortured, deported or even face death penalty. It seems as if during the 17th Century the idea of discipline started to establish. It has to be mentioned that the concept of rehabilitation back then was received in order to be given to the offender a chance of fitting back to society. The purpose was to be offered a safer society as an offender could re-join it and be a useful member of it. As it was mentioned above it was only in 1764 when Cesare Beccaria (b. 1738) expanded in his work the idea of Rehabilitation. When his book On Crimes and Punishment was published it was exposed a new chapter to Justice System as it had to do with the theme of imprisonment. By the time, his thoughts were mainly influenced by the new, by then, era of Enlightenment. Beccaria had several positions inside society, as he was a well-known philosopher, criminologist and jurist. It can be assumed that Cesare Beccaria was the first who gave in public the idea of rehabilitation with main purpose the discipline of mind and soul and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending, and offending is general, as the ex-offender could have the ability to expand his knowledge to others as well. To be more specific, the criminologist stated that It is evident from the simple considerations already set out that the purpose of punishment is not that of tormenting or afflicting any sentient creature, no r of undoing a crime already committed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The purpose, therefore, is nothing other than to prevent the offender from doing fresh harm to his fellows and to deter others from doing likewise. (Beccaria, 2010) In addition to that, a philosopher and social reformer of that time who wrote about the importance of punishment giving to the offender in accordance to the type of the crime committed was Jeremy Bentham (b. 1748). Bentham, who is also one of the founders of the theory of utilitarianism, published in 1811 his work The rationale of punishment through which he expressed his thoughts upon punishment. To be more specific, the philosopher stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A punishment may be analogous to an offence, it is necessary that the crime should be attended with some striking characteristic circumstances, capable of being transferred upon the punishment. These characteristic circumstances will be different in different crimes. (Beccaria, 2010) 2.2 Penitentiary Act The philanthropist and prison reformer John Howard (b. 1726) published in 1774 his reports about the detention conditions of the offenders as he spend a year working as a sheriff and evidenced the situation himself. He also managed to visit other prisons as well in order to be sure of his findings, before the export of his reports. His findings led the justice system to include two more Acts which were dealing with the circumstances under which the offenders were held, and suggested the thesis of the State in order to provide prisons which could offer humane conditions of detention. Howard also mentioned that they had do be done changes as it had to do with the fees paid to the jailers, as in many occasions offenders were still held in prison even if they had complete their penalty because they were not able to pay them. It was only in 1779 when the passage of Parliamentary Acts had been made and it was given the permission to begin the building of the first State Prisons, which would offer healthier living conditions to the prisoners. The above can be assumed as the first evidence of an attempt of a proper rehabilitation system in United Kingdom. Even though several actions took place after the Act, the construction of a prison was not be done until 1785, when the magistrate Sir George Onesiphorus Paul completed the first prison at Gloucester which was stated as a first prison model at that time as it was approaching every aspect of the prisoners needs. It was coming across the previous statements about a healthier environment, as it was consisted by separated cells, classification of prisoners depending on the type of their offence and it was also provided medical support. Although the Penitentiary Act of 1779 has made a major point during the development of Justice System and Rehabilitation, as it brought massive changes to the System as they knew it by then, it is believed that it had affected it in many ways. According to the Cambridges Historical Journal, it was strongly believed that the basic reason of these Acts pass was the reducing of deportation. In other words, prisons had to be held, in order to keep the offenders there, without the state having the need to deport them. That statement could be valid, as after the construction of the prisons in England, several other countries followed the same path, for the same reasons. 2.3 Purposes of Rehabilitation After the engagement of the Penitentiary Act, Justice System started to develop the concept of imprisonment as a path to rehabilitation. As it was mentioned above, imprisonment reduced deportation of offenders and that created several problems at that time to jailers, as the population of the prison started to increasing. However, the key concept of Rehabilitation was the reducing of re-offending as it was believed that by educating the offenders, they would re-join society with different habits. The main theme of Rehabilitation was at that point that it would be created a safer community, as ex-offenders would not make the same mistakes, be useful to society and stop other people as well from committing a crime. At this point it is more important to Justice to protect society rather than being easier to an offender to resettle in terms of fitting smoothly back to community. However, as the years passing by the Justice System and Rehabilitation Services are keep developing in order to be updated to the needs of community. It has been already stated that the prison population started to increase. It seems as if that the same problem remained since today. At this point rehabilitation for prisoners in United Kingdom plays vital role, along with several changes that were made to the penalties of every offense, the system has to come up with new ways of avoiding prison overcrowding. Overpopulated prisons can be harmful to both bodies, to offenders and guards as well. In addition to the above, the support to offenders who have complete their penalty towards community is important as in most of the cases the reason why they are committing the same crime again is strongly connected to the social exclusion they are facing. It can be difficult to some offenders to re-join society, and at this point it is a matter of great significance the rehabilitation services during imprisonment along with some time after release. Rehabilitation Services are aiming to offer to the prisoners the appropriate support for every case individually. Apart from the Rehabilitation programmes which are being used and they will be discussed later on, they are provided to the offenders several other services in order to being able to re-join society. According to the report of The House of Commons for the Parliament, offenders are coming across many themes during Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation programmes are being included into the context of Rehabilitation services, as they are being part of the Purposeful Activity along with physical education and training, which aims to educate and train prisoners. One of the reasons why this System also targets to reduce reconviction rates is as mentioned above there is in exist the problem of overcrowding. This has a result the continuous transfer of the offenders to other prisons and that has a major affect to programmes, as the prisoners cannot receive a stable rehabilitation progr amme. 2.4 Nothing Works What Works? Debate From the background review of Rehabilitation cannot be excluded the Nothing Works What works? debate which began in 1974 towards a Robert Martinsons research. Even though this debate was made based upon the American Justice system its impact affected United Kingdom as well in terms of re-thinking its approach on that specific topic. After a long study Martinson stated that Rehabilitation System does not help in reducing re-offending. According to Martinson, they existed few programmes that were useful for the prisoners, but the overall outcome it was not the expected. The writer, who tried to give an explanation for the success in reducing recidivism stated, Having entered this very serious caveat, I am bound to say that these data, involving over two hundred studies and hundreds of thousands of individuals as they do, are the best available and give us very little reason to hope that we have in fact found a sure way of reducing recidivism through rehabilitation. This is not to say that we found no instances of success or partial success; it is only to say that these instances have been isolated, producing no clear pattern to indicate the efficacy of any particular method or treatment. (Lipton et al., 1975) During the 1980s there was a significant turn of political views towards the Right and as the change of view towards the current -at the time- rehabilitation system was differentiated, there were some opinions that the system of justice should change the penalty severity according to the offence that was caused by each offender and this specific group of opinions was made renown as the Just Desert terminology. The application of penalties would be carried out in a way that as an example a murderer would receive the same harm as he had caused to the victim which would be death. That initiated the usage of boot camps and prison regimes in order to strike a short, sharp shock effect to the offenders. Martinsons views were dictating that the majority of the funding should be focused towards the policing of communities with the use of CCTV, electronic tagging and alarms and invest less in the rehabilitation of offenders. The findings of Martinson were opposed by a number of academic staff with an example of Ross Gendreau in 1979. Finally, Martinson pointed another important variable to the negative findings which was the poor research methodologies. As every finding that is exhibited by a research, the findings of Martinson had a number of critics (Hollin, 1999). As the 1980s and 1990s were merged, a number of meta-analytic studies were published and started to show what actually worked in the process of reducing re-offending. These statistical techniques were utilized in order to review the results of a great number of primary studies and allowed the emergence of overall trends in the accumulated data. Such trends were analysed by A. Andrews and J. Bonta (Andrews and Bonta, 2010) who claimed that the findings of Martinson and his colleagues were inconclusive as they were rushed into publicity without thorough research. Due to this significant claim, Martinson and his colleagues were deemed unreliable. In the beginning, Andrews and Bonta claimed that negative results in the studies were accepted instantly and almost with no question. Moreover, they supported the idea that the way the research was carried out was to mainly stress any supporting researches to treatment by using pseudoscientific techniques such as stressing the criterion problem, discounting the underlying theory and contaminating the treatment. This group of techniques were described under the general term Treatment Destruction (Gottfredson, 1979  ) . Furthermore, Andrews and Banta claimed that Martinson and his colleagues modified the measurements to their advantage and as a result they published findings that were unreliable. According to Andrews and Bonta, there were also errors in the conceptualization of the research as a whole which meant that measurements were unreliable and is a possibility that it caused the absence of positive results. To sum up, everything that was mentioned in the course of this chapter is a review upon the development of rehabilitation until the end of the 1990s. Martinson and his colleagues presented the results of their research which specified that the effects of rehabilitation are absent and dictated that the justice system should introduce a model of penalising that would treat the offenders with severity that would vary depending on their offence. On the other hand, there were a number of opposed critics that accused them for being unreliable during the process of conducting their research and modifying the variables to their advantage. Chapter 3 Current Rehabilitation System In the UK 3. Current rehabilitation system in the UK In this chapter are going to be provided the modifications and additions that were made to the rehabilitation system since the beginning of the 2000s and the way they formed the system as we know it nowadays. 3.1 Prison Rules The Prison Rules of 1999 essentially were a replacement of the rules of 1964 and conducted changes to the way of managing prisons which include the treatment of prisoners, the powers and duties of boards of visitors and the conduct of prison officers. This chapter will mainly focus on the prison rules that affect the prisoners and not the visitors or any other mentions. The new rules of 1999 are a set of changes to previous rules in order to bring them to modern standards. The prison rule 32 is an addition to the rule 29 of the 1964 rules which was made in order to provide the distance learning ability to the prisoners as the 1964 rule was only mentioning in-prison learning programmes. Additionally, under the rule 41 every inmate search should not be placed under the sight of a person of the opposite search. Moreover, the newly specified rule 51, dictated that any irregularities during a visit such as the providing of drugs and articles to the prisoners, should be punished and the te rm in any way offends against good order and discipline has been revoked. Finally, the rule 55 commanded that additional punishment shall not be added to a caution and 14 days of cellular confinement is the maximum days of a total award. Additionally, the Secretary of State has been given the power to order a specific set of guidelines for the punishment of a prisoner. To conclude, according to Iain Crow the rule 2 of the prison rules states that At all times the treatment of prisoners shall be such as to encourage their self-respect and a sense of personal responsibility (Crow, 2001). 3.2 Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 As it was mentioned above, the target of rehabilitation is to reduce re-offending. Another report that played an important role to the modification of the justice system was the Social Exclusion Unit Report which was introduced in order to reduce the increasing rates of re-offending by ex-convicts and was commissioned by the Government in order to investigate what steps should be followed as to halt offending repetition. It also dictated that efforts for the rehabilitation of prisoners should be doubled in order to introduce them back to society effectively and it would be done by prison sentences not being made only to punish but also provide the convicts with the opportunity to reduce the chance of re-offending. Moreover, the Unit Report of 2002 stated that offenders are repeating offences because the prison sentences were not as effective as they should be. A number of reasons for the increment of reconviction rates during the 1990s included the erosion to the system of support for short-term prisoners post-release, the changes to the prisoners benefit rules and the steep growth in areas that are defined by social exclusion such as inequality, child poverty and drug use. The report also introduced a series of key factors that affect the re-offending rates which are the mental and physical welfare, the education and employment of prisoners, the misuse of addictive substances (i.e. alcohol, drugs), the family networks and the life skills and financial support of prisoners. The Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 not only stated the factors that cause the rise in re-offending rates but also made a number of recommendations which are the following: A long-term National Rehabilitation Strategy should be introduced in order to approach rehabilitation and ultimately reduce re-offending. Imprisonment should be applied only where necessary. Improvements to diversion schemes have to be made in-court in order to identify if an offender is mentally ill and specific actions should then be carried out such as mental health care. Additionally, there should be doubt over the overall value of short-term prison sentences as they might have negative effects recrudesce due to the lack of supervision after custody. Housing and financial needs of newly released prisoners should be taken into account a national level. Furthermore, in order to further improve the accessibility to healthcare, housing, employment and education, a system for effective resettlement should be designed. An increase in the variety of programmes that are available in the community is needed, as it will help with a number of aspects of the ex-prisoners such as mental health programmes, drug and alcohol treatment and education. Each ex-prisoner should be treated in accordance to their circumstances and as a result if would offer a much improved effect to the rehabilitation of the ex-prisoners as each programme will be focused on their needs. These programmes will include a series of activities and support that will be devised by a case manager who will cover the entire sentence of the prisoner, during and after his or her imprisonment. In conclusion, the Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 stated a lot of problems in the rehabilitation progress that was used until that time but also recommended key objectives that had to be fulfilled in order to improve the rehabilitation system and significantly reduce the re-offending rates for ex-prisoners and is best defined by the best way of reducing re-offending is to ensure that prisoners on their release have the ability to get into work and a home to go to. In the remainder of this report, we investigate the current levels of provision of training, education and employment opportunities within prison, and of resettlement arrangements after release. (Office, 2002) 3.3 The Carter Report of 2003 In March 2003 the Government authorized the businessman Patrick Carter in order to create an extensive review of the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The objective was to establish an effective system that would not only focus on reducing crime but also maintain the public confidence alongside being affordable. The Carter Report was released to public in December 2003 that concluded that the increased usage of imprisonment and probation during the past decade reflected the increased severity of the sentences for specific offences rather than an increase in the overall seriousness of crimes that were brought to justice or the growth of the number of offenders being caught and sentenced -both remaining widely constant. Moreover, the Carter Report stated that while imprisonment is vital in order to protect the public, by incapacitating dangerous and persistent offenders, the increased use of imprisonment and probation has only a limited effect on offences and the evidence -which prove that the severity of sentences is a major factor for preventing crimes- are also severely limited. Another problem in the process of convicting offenders was pointed out by the report which described the process too focused on offenders with no previous sentences and failed to get to grips with highly persistent offenders. Additionally, the report stated that there were a lot systemic failures in the use of interventions in order to reduce re-offending because they were ineffectively targeted. These failures that were highlighted were the fact that short-term offenders are not staying in the same place and as a result cant receive effective interventions which would reduce the chance of re-offending, the quality of the interventions that an offender is receiving varies greatly depending the prison establishment who is held and as the court often is not able to address the needs of the offender is being assigned with interventions that are not suited for his or her needs. The Carter Report alongside the problems -which stated that existed in the criminal justice system- it introduced a number of new approaches that should be followed in order to deal properly with offenders with the core points being: A National Offender Management Service (NOMS) should be established that would combine the functions of the present Prison and Probation Services and it should have two main core goals with the first being the punishment of offenders and the reduction of re-offending. It should be headed by a lone Chief Executive and based on evidence on what works in reducing re-offending and taking no account of whether the offender is sentenced with imprisonment or community service, it should be responsible for the successful management of the offenders sentence. A range of targeted and effective sentences should be created which will be enforced in robust way. Depending on the risk assessment of each offender, community punishments should become more intense and three levels of severity should be made available (Community Punishment, Intensive Supervision and Monitoring and Community Rehabilitation). Last but not least, community sentences for low-risk cases should be replaced with fines. Based on sentencing guidelines, which are informed by evidence of what works in reducing re-offending and makes effective use of the existing capacity, the judiciary should take up a new role in managing probation demand and prisons and as a result ensure a better consistency of punishment practice. As the findings of the Carter Report were very significant, the Government drew heavily on its recommendation that were focused on the improvement of the criminal justice system and the particular correctional services. As a result the Government started the implementation of the core proposals from the Carter Report into the Criminal Justice Act of 2003. Chapter 4 Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs) 4. Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs) A major part of Rehabilitation procedure is the establishing of Offending Behaviour Programmes that were designed in order to treat or improve the cognitive skills of the offenders and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending. These programmes were designed and offered to prisoners by the Prison Service during the early 90s. This chapter will include several models of these programmes, as they are being categorized according to the type of the offence, the condition of the offender along with his psychological condition, his age or any addictions. 4.1 Psychological and Behaviour Issues Grendons model is one of the most knows rehabilitation programmes in United Kingdom, as it was first established 40 years ago at the HMP of Grendon in Buckinghamshire. This programme aims to offer a treatment to offenders who suffer from psychopathy. At this point it has to be mentioned that the offenders volunteer to participate and they cannot be over 40. When the offenders are getting involved with Grendons system, are being divided into five groups, which are also known as therapeutic communities. Grendons model is still offers treatment to the offenders despite the lack of funding. Another behaviour programme that aims to provide treatment to offenders with psychological issues is Democratic TC, which has several similarities to that of Grendons. This programme is designed to support offenders who suffer from either personality disorder or emotional needs. In order to address any psychological and emotional agitation, Democratic TCs offer round-the-clock living-learning interventions for offenders whose primary criminogenic contingency factors should be targeted. In addition to the previous, it has to be stated that in several models, which are based on cognitive skills, some mentors of the interventions are offenders who have already completed the programme successfully. Such is Kainos Rehabilitation programme, which is also known as Challenge to change. Kainos is also a full time based model and aims to reduce criminogenic causes of offenders who have been judged as medium to high risked. Behavioural programmes are also targeting to reduce re-offending through teaching the criminals to control themselves by improving their self-management skills. Such model is Priestley One to One (Priestley OTO), which also aims to provide the offenders with the skill self-critic. In this case they are able to be responsible and understand the already committed crime and accept its consequences. It has to be mentioned that this programme is bounded only in community. Additionally, a widely known model is TSP, which stands for Thinking Skills Programme and works upon teach the offenders to achieve their goals without committing offences. In other words, it is based on self-management and personal coaching. Same target also has RESPOND, which is designed for prisoners who cannot work in groups, and offers the treatment individually. 4.2 Drug and Alcohol Misuse Eighty per cent of people that are being imprisoned have significant issues that are related to either drug or alcohol. In a number of prisons, drug tests were carried out during reception and eight out of ten prisoners were found having class A drugs in their system. Drug misusers are committing a major proportion of the acquisitive crimes as, in drug tests that were carried out during reception, a good per cent of the offenders that were prosecuted for offences such as burglary and shoplifting had heroin, cocaine or other opiates in their system. The underlying problem is that most of these people have never received any help about their drug problem. The statistics stated that there is a need for programmes that will hel

Gangs of the Black County - Original Writing :: Papers

Gangs of the Black County - Original Writing "Get ya' bananas, ten for a pound! How about you love? Fancy some bananas?" These words could be heard shouted through the rustle and bustle of Dudley Town Market on the High Street. It was a typical market town, it had the smells and some sights, a Norman Castle perched upon a hill overlooked the town, but one could tell that not that long ago this town was something more important than it was today. Dudley was in the heart of the Black Country, it was the key town during the Industrial revolution, supplying iron ore to large companies. Believe it or not underneath the littered ground there are hundreds of man made mines, which have scarred the landscape of the Black Country. The High Street is one long road with shops parallel to each other, but it lacked many 'designer' high street shops; it had a few, but not enough. Since a nearby shopping complex had opened no one wanted to go to Dudley anymore. So this lonely town was left with many pound and discount shops. Mr Arjun Singh, a renowned businessman who had a small chain of discount stores around the Black Country, owned one of these shops. He had three sons, Abdul, Arjun Jr and Sanjit. Mr Singh's wife had passed away a year before, the victim of a tragic car accident. Abdul, the eldest of the three sons, was still emotionally tormented by his mother's death. Recent CCTV footage had shown that Mrs Singh had been a victim of an organised hit and run ordeal. The blame had recently been laid onto another local businessman, Jason Barley. One of his 'upmarket' stores was right next to Mr Singh's discount shop. It was thought Mr Barley had gang connections all over the Black Country, however not enough evidence was available to point an accusing finger at Jason Barley to the murder of Mrs Singh. Monday was an important day for Mr Singh and his three sons because Mr Singh had yet again cut all the prices on his stock.

Comparing Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King on Unjust Laws Essay

In today’s society, it is often unclear where to draw the line between good morals and effective government. It is for this reason that many times, laws that are enacted for the â€Å"good of the people† can be in direct conflict with a person’s conscience. Due to the various struggles that the United States has faced in building a government, this topic has been a popular discussion throughout American literature. Although they did not live during the same time, American writers Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. ach wrote about how a person should not follow laws that they believe to be immoral. Thoreau’s main concern pertained to the legal existence of slaves and slave-owners, and a century later, King spoke out against legal segregation in the South. In his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† Martin Luther King, Jr. shares the same attitude with Henry David Thoreau’s work, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† concerning just and unjust laws; however, they each had different means of executing their beliefs. Both men agree that if a law is unjust, it is one’s duty to break that law, and do instead what they believe to be right. Thoreau considers that when unjust laws exist, a person has three choices of action: obey them, obey them while working to change them, or transgress them at once. He proposes, â€Å"It is not a man’s duty†¦to devote himself to the eradication of†¦even the most enormous wrong; †¦but it is his duty, at least, to wash his hands of it, and†¦not to give it practically his support. † (Thoreau 4). Thoreau also ponders whether it is better to decide what is right and wrong by one’s own conscience. He declares, â€Å"It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. The only obligation which I have a right to assume, is to do at any time what I think right. † (Thoreau 1). King, who was a devout clergyman, places one’s moral obligations under the eyes of God. He defines a just law as â€Å"†¦a man-made code that squares with the†¦law of God. † (King 177). King and Thoreau believe that the act of going against the law should be done in a passive manner. King explains, â€Å"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. † (175). These writers also coincide that once someone has broken a law, he or she must be willing to accept the consequences, including the possible penalty of imprisonment. In fact, both men spent time in prison for their acts of civil disobedience. Thoreau was sent to jail after six years of refusing to pay his taxes, due to his opposition to both the Mexican-American War and slavery in America. King was sent to jail for leading several peaceful protests, including a boycott. However, King was imprisoned for much longer than Thoreau, who only spent one day in prison, but was unwillingly bailed out by his aunt. In fact, it was from jail that King wrote his letter, in an effort to defend his actions in Birmingham, which he believed to be completely necessary and justifiable actions of protest. Both Thoreau and King felt that by going to prison, and dealing with the consequences of their actions, they were solidifying and therefore strengthening their protests. Thoreau and King were also of the same mind that a law must be respected regardless of whether it is just or unjust. King fears that anarchy will result if laws are not respected; Thoreau describes that rebellion will be the consequence if laws are not given respect. King declares, â€Å"†¦An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for the law. † (King 179). King states his position as one that disagrees with a law, and therefore goes against it in an effort to change it with respect to the government. Both writers agree that getting rid of the government is not the goal, but rather to change its ways. Thoreau articulates, â€Å"†¦to speak practically and as a citizen†¦I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it. † (Thoreau 1). Exercising passive resistance is the basis of the title of Thoreau’s work, and King presents several examples of civil disobedience in his letter, such as the Boston Tea Party. King himself not only exercises passive resistance, but he provides the procedure to be followed for any nonviolent campaign. With the exception of King’s added religious beliefs, Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. shared the same ideas concerning civil disobedience and the ways in which one should deal with just and unjust laws, although they demonstrated their viewpoints in different ways. Both of these writers believed that any law that was in conflict with a person’s conscience should be respected, but still challenged in a passive manner. To prove this belief, both Thoreau and King practiced it themselves.

Analysis of Production Management Principles Free Essay Example, 2500 words

There should be a scientific method of selecting an individual to do a certain kind of work. After the right person has been selected proper training and guidance should be provided to make his transition into the job easier. There should always be development programmes to enhance his skills while on the job. There should be a list of procedures laid down by the company commonly called QAP (Quality Assurance Procedures). These define the methods and the checklists to be followed while carrying out a certain procedure. The company should ensure that there is complete co-operation between the management and the employees when carrying out processes as per the QAP. The decision to take up the works that form the part of the project does not rest upon the workers. The onus of designating the share of work to each group considered competent enough to do the work rested upon the manager in charge of each section. The organizational theorists have used the principles laid down by Taylor a nd formulated certain guidelines on which Production Management for an organization works. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Production Management Principles or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page